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Allied with Germany in World War II, post-war Sofia became the capital of the People's Republic of Bulgaria in 1946, firmly within the Soviet Russian sphere of influence, right up until the disintegration of the USSR in 1989. Russian forces took the city from the Ottomans in 1878 and destroyed most mosques. In Medieval times the city passed between rule by Bulgarians, Byzantines and the Ottoman Empire. Rebuilt by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it again flourished behind massive fortress walls - remnants of which still remain. Beloved of Roman emperor Constantine the Great, who referred to it as "my Rome," this "brightest city of the Serdi" (Thracian-Celtic tribe), by then the most important Roman city in the region, it almost became his capital of the Eastern Empire, in place of Constantinople.Īfter an AD 447 invasion by the Huns the city lay in ruins for a century.
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The Romans arrived around 29 BC, called it Serdica, and built extensive public works that included hot springs baths. A neolithic village in Slatina, at what is now the center of modern Sofia, dates from the 5th–6th millennium BC. Surrounded by comparatively high mountains on all sides, the city developed as a significant settlement at a central position in the Balkans, set between the Black Sea, the Adriatic Sea, and the Aegean Sea on the slopes of Mount Vitosha. Emergency measures in the wake of Covid-19:įor current Bulgarian entry restrictions see Reopen-Europa/Bulgaria and Travel Bans/Bulgaria websites for details and updates in English